Core vehicle controller. Receives accelerator, brake and gear signals, interprets driver demands, coordinates motor, battery and thermal‑management systems to realize power distribution and overall vehicle logic control. Top‑10 Global Brands Bosch, DENSO, Valeo, ZF, Magna, Hyundai KEFICO, BorgWarner, Continental, Schaeffler, TTControl. Global suppliers provide VCU hardware and control software for ICE‑hybrid, BEV and PHEV platforms,
Composed of series parallel lithium ion cells. Serves as core energy storage component for new energy vehicles, delivering power to drive motors and high voltage on board systems; also used for energy backup. Top‑10 Global Brands CATL, LG Energy Solution, Panasonic, Samsung SDI, SK On, BYD, Northvolt, AESC, Farasis Energy, Eve Energy. These enterprises supply
Belt‑driven by internal combustion engine. Charges 12V low‑voltage battery and supplies power for lighting, ECU and other low‑voltage on‑board electronics. Widely used in ICE vehicles and partial hybrid vehicles. Not a high‑voltage range‑extender generation unit. Top‑10 Global Brands Bosch, Valeo, DENSO, ZF, Magneti Marelli, Nidec, BorgWarner, Panasonic, Mitsubishi Electric, Hitachi. These suppliers deliver mass‑produced alternators